The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 48. [105], The Indian government and the states have continued to promote the development of Buddhist pilgrimage sites ("the Buddhist Circuit"), both as a source of tourism and as a promotion of India's Buddhist heritage which is an important cultural resource for India's foreign diplomatic ties. The Soga clan , a Japanese court family that rose to prominence with the ascension of the Emperor Kinmei about 531, favored the adoption of Buddhism and of governmental and cultural models based on Chinese Confucianism . Jerryson, Michael K. Buddhist monk and esoteric master from South India (6th century), Kanchipuram is regarded as the patriarch of the Ti-Lun school. Pure Land Buddhism A large branch of Mahayana, dominantly in East Asia. He came to be called "the Buddha," which means "awakened one," after he experienced a profound … Indian monks, such as Vajrabodhi, also travelled to Indonesia to propagate Buddhism. Early Buddhist schools in India often divided modes of Buddhist practice into several "vehicles" (yāna). This is can also be seen from the fact that Buddhist priests were not present amidst learned divines that came to the Ibadat Khana of Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri.[98]. (ed.) [79] The Islamic invasion plundered wealth and destroyed Buddhist images,[86] and consequent take over of land holdings of Buddhist monasteries removed one source of necessary support for the Buddhists, while the economic upheaval and new taxes on laity sapped the laity support of Buddhist monks. Buddhism also survived to the modern era in the Himalayan regions such as Ladakh, with close ties to Tibet. "[33] A.K. History of Buddhism in India, Motilal Books UK. [71] According to Randall Collins, Richard Gombrich and other scholars, Buddhism's rise or decline is not linked to Brahmins or the caste system, since Buddhism was "not a reaction to the caste system", but aimed at the salvation of those who joined its monastic order. After B. R. Ambedkar's Dalit Buddhist movement, the number of Buddhists in India has increased considerably. Jerryson, Michael K. Jerryson, Michael K. On the full moon day of May, Siddhartha Gautama became the Buddha, the enlightened one. This is the largest Nyingma monastery today. With the Islamic invasion and expansion, and central Asians adopting Islam, the trade route-derived financial support sources and the economic foundations of Buddhist monasteries declined, on which the survival and growth of Buddhism was based. [18] During this time, Indian monks continued to travel along the Silk Road to teach Buddhism, and translation work was primarily done by foreign monks rather than Chinese. In Tamil Nadu, the Tamil Iyothee Thass (1845-1914) was a major figure who promoted Buddhism and called the Paraiyars to convert. [93], The Tibetan Taranatha (1575–1634) wrote a history of Indian Buddhism, which mentions Buddhism as having survived in some pockets of India during his time. El budismo es una religión mundial y una «doctrina filosófica y espiritual» [3] [4] no teísta perteneciente a la familia dhármica.Comprende una variedad de tradiciones, creencias religiosas y prácticas espirituales principalmente atribuidas a Buda Gautama.El budismo es la cuarta religión más importante del mundo con más de 500 millones de adeptos o 7 % de la población mundial. By 90 BC, Parthians took control of eastern Iran and around 50 BC put an end to last remnants of Greek rule in Afghanistan. Accordingly, he sent missionaries throughout the known world. Instead he propagated a Middle Way between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification, in which self-restraint and compassion are central elements. Merchants found Buddhist moral and ethical teachings an attractive alternative to the esoteric rituals of the traditional Brahmin priesthood, which seemed to cater exclusively to Brahmin interests while ignoring those of the new and emerging social classes." [101], Following Indian independence, India's ancient Buddhist heritage became an important element for nation building, and prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru looked to the Mauryan empire for symbols of pan-Indian unity which were neither Hindu nor Muslim, such as the Dhammachakra. Explain the ethical views of Buddhism. According to the 2011 census, 5.76 million (69%) Indian Buddhists belong to the Scheduled Caste. (1912). They, together with the Buddha, formed the first Saṅgha, the company of Buddhist monks, and hence, the first formation of Triple Gem (Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha) was completed. The Ajanta Caves are approximately 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state of India. (2000). [112] Large numbers of Tibetans settled in Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh, which became the headquarters of the Tibetan Government in Exile. Nichiren Buddhism for Daily Life. He rebuilt Taxila (Sirkap) and Puṣkalavatī. Buddhism originated in India, based on the teachings, of Siddhartha Gautama, later known as Gautama Buddha.A Buddha is one who is said to be awake to the truth of life.. Over the centuries his teachings spread from Nepal to Central Asia, Tibet, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, and now Europe and North and South America. [80] According to Randall Collins, Buddhism was already declining in India before the 12th century, but with the pillage by Muslim invaders it nearly became extinct in India in the 1200s. [14][15], Followers of Buddhism, called Buddhists in English, referred to themselves as Saugata. He ruled from Taxila and later from Sagala (Sialkot). It was around the 1st century AD that Buddhist Art entered an iconic phase or that with direct representations of the Buddha. According to the conventional narrative, the Buddha was born in Lumbini, around the year 563 BCE, and raised in Kapilavastu; both in modern-day Nepal. History and life: the world and its people, Patricia Gutierrez, T. Walter Wallbank, p. 67-69. The Early Buddhist Schools were the various schools in which pre-sectarian Buddhism split in the first few centuries after the passing away of the Buddha (in about the 5th century BCE). Jerryson, Michael K. Indian Buddhists celebrate many festivals. Introduction to Buddhism. Buddhism, arguably, is best viewed as an ethical system or that of a systematic social education. Geiger, Wilhelm; Bode, Mabel Haynes, trans. In Ratnagiri and Konark in Odisha, Buddhist history as discovered in Lalitagiri is also shared. Under the rule of the Pāla and Sena kings, large mahāvihāras flourished in what is now Bihar and Bengal. Some existing Buddhist traditions follow the vinayas of early Buddhist schools. You are invited to write, in not more than 1200 words a topic from below: To experience the diversity of Buddhism beliefs and philosophy, you are invited to travel to the recommended temples listed below. These institutions were influenced by modernist South Asian Buddhist currents such as Sri Lankan Buddhist modernism as well as Western Oriental scholarship and spiritual movements like Theosophy. "[34], Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra. Basically, the emperor converted to Buddhism in 297 B.C. By the early 5th century Buddhism was established in south China. Texto «de Peter Harvey » ignorado —Jose Ignacio Cabezon (1992). Jerryson, Michael K. The remaining 13% of Buddhists belong to traditional communities (Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana) of the northeast and northern Himalayan regions. 净土宗(Ch), 浄土教(Jp) Cn: Jìngtǔ-zōng; Jp: Jōdo-kyo; Ko: Jeongtojong ): A Short Biography of Four Tibetan Lamas and Their Activities in Sikkim, in: Bulletin of Tibetology Nr. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." Jerry Bentley. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." Vidyadhar Joharapurkar, in Anekanta, June 1963, pp. Jerry Bentley, "The conquest by Dharma has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred. Buddhism spread outside of Magadha starting in the Buddha's lifetime. Explain the ethical views of Buddhism. The Dharmaguptakas made more efforts than any other sect to spread Buddhism outside India, to areas such as Afghanistan, Central Asia, and China, and they had great success in doing so. You may refer to them here. The Buddhist tradition of Vajrayana is sometimes classified as a part of Mahāyāna Buddhism, but some scholars consider it to be a different branch altogether. 49, 2/2005, p. 57. The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 41. The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 52. Jerryson, Michael K. Buddhism. [112] Tibetan Buddhists have also contributed to the building of temples and institutions in the Buddhist sites and ruins of India.[113]. Buddhism penetrated Mongolia from Nepal via Central Asia. "[36] Akira Hirakawa notes the "evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India. [76] The period between 400 CE and 1000 CE thus saw gains by the Vedanta school of Hinduism over Buddhism[77] and Buddhism had vanished from Afghanistan and north India by early 11th century. This may be accompanied by a clear or miso soup and tsukemono (pickles). [129], Graeco-Bactrians, Sakas and Indo-Parthians, Causes within the Buddhist tradition of the time. [123] Between 2001 and 2011, Buddhist population declined in Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Delhi, and Punjab. He became Buddhist and is remembered in Buddhists records due to his discussions with a great Buddhist philosopher in the book Milinda Pañha. The details of Buddha's life are mentioned in many Early Buddhist … Roman Historical accounts describe an embassy sent by the "Indian king Pandion (Pandya? [75] Buddhism was also weakened by rival Hindu philosophies such as Advaita Vedanta, growth in temples and an innovation of the bhakti movement. (3rd edn. (ed.) Early information about Buddhism was probably brought into China by traders, envoys, and monks. Buddhism is an Indian religion founded on the teachings of a mendicant and spiritual teacher called "the Buddha" ("the Awakened One", c. 5th to 4th century BCE). "The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras" – Warder, A.K. Later texts, such as the Mahayana Lalitavistara Sutra,give different accounts. [40] The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Shaiva text Tantrasadbhava, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place. Many masters have indicated that Buddhism neither fall in religion nor philosophical field. "Merchants proved to be an efficient vector of the Buddhist faith, as they established diaspora communities in the string of oasis towns-Merv, Bukhara, Samarkand, Kashgar, Khotan, Kuqa, Turpan, Dunhuang - that served as lifeline of the silk roads through central Asia." death) of the Buddha and later spread throughout Asia. Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993. [84][85], In the Gangetic plains, Orissa, northeast and the southern regions of India, Buddhism survived through the early centuries of the 2nd millennium CE. Emperor Aśoka's kingdom stretched from South Asia and beyond, from present-day parts of Afghanistan in the north and Balochistan in the west, to Bengal and Assam in the east, and as far south as Mysore. Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim was built under the direction of Changchub Dorje, 12th Karmapa Lama in the mid-1700s. In that way, Buddhism possesses some aspects of both religion and philosophy. [21] The scholar Richard Cohen in his discussion about the 5th-century Ajanta Caves, states that Bauddha is not attested therein, and was used by outsiders to describe Buddhists, except for occasional use as an adjective.[22]. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Ushnisha (en sánscrito, उष्णीष, AITS: uṣṇīṣa) hace referencia a un óvalo tridimensional sobre la cabeza del Buda y que simboliza su gran sabiduría. Aśoka reigned over most of India after a series of military campaigns. The Vipassana movement is a modern tradition of Buddhist meditation practice. [9][10][11][12] According to the 2011 census, the largest concentration of Buddhism is in Maharashtra (6,530,000), where 77% of the total Buddhists in India reside. very brief introduction I think. (Redirigido desde « An Introduction to Zen Buddhism ») Una introducción al budismo zen (en inglés An Introduction to Zen Buddhism) es una obra de no ficción sobre budismo zen escrita por Daisetsu Teitaro Suzuki y publicada en 1934 en Kioto por la Eastern Buddhist Society. The criticism of Buddhism is much like the criticism of any other religion.It is mainly done by people who do not agree with what the religion says and what it believes. [100] Dharmapāla and the society promoted the building of Buddhist vihāras and temples in India, including the one at Sarnath, the place of Buddha's first sermon. In that way, Buddhism possesses some aspects of both religion and philosophy. [62][63], With the Gupta dynasty (~4th to 6th century), the growth in ritualistic Mahayana Buddhism, mutual influence between Hinduism and Buddhism,[64] the differences between Buddhism and Hinduism blurred, and Vaishnavism, Shaivism and other Hindu traditions became increasingly popular, and Brahmins developed a new relationship with the state. Welcome to the introductory courses. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. A Jain author Gunakirti (1450-1470) wrote a Marathi text, Dhamramrita,[95] where he gives the names of 16 Buddhist orders. Buddhism is growing rapidly in the Scheduled Caste (dalit) community. Donations were most often made by private persons such as wealthy merchants and female relatives of the royal family, but there were periods when the state also gave its support and protection. The arrival of the 14th Dalai Lama with over 85,000 Tibetan refugees 1959 had a significant impact on the revival of Buddhism in India. Jerryson, Michael K. Consequently, he became convinced that Buddhism was a religion for all of the people of the world. [65] As the system grew, Buddhist monasteries gradually lost control of land revenue. Buddhism is an education by Buddha. In India, the most influential Vipassana organization is the Vipassana Research Institute founded by S.N. [39] The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Shaiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. Regardless of the religious beliefs of their kings, states usually treated all the important sects relatively even-handedly. Lambert Schmithausen (1987): "the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions." [90] In the 13th century, states Craig Lockard, Buddhist monks in India escaped to Tibet to escape Islamic persecution;[91] while the monks in western India, states Peter Harvey, escaped persecution by moving to south Indian Hindu kingdoms that were able to resist the Muslim power. An Introduction to Buddhism (Core Teachings of Dalai Lama) Paperback – July 17, 2018 by The Dalai Lama (Author) 4.7 out of 5 ... and places in your book, with Wikipedia integration. [6] In modern times, two major branches of Buddhism exist: the Theravāda in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and the Mahāyāna throughout the Himalayas and East Asia. The embassy was travelling with a diplomatic letter in Greek, and one of its members was a sramana who burned himself alive in Athens, to demonstrate his faith. Buddhism and Jainism are two Indian religions that developed in Magadha (Bihar) and continue to thrive in the modern age. The Buddha referred to his teachings simply as Dhamma-vinaya or "the doctrine and discipline". Traditional Buddhists are less than 13% and Navayana Buddhists (Converted, Ambedkarite or Neo-Buddhists) comprise more than 87% of the Indian Buddhist community according to the 2011 Census of India. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990 1990. [61][79], Chinese scholars travelling through the region between the 5th and 8th centuries, such as Faxian, Xuanzang, I-ching, Hui-sheng, and Sung-Yun, began to speak of a decline of the Buddhist Sangha, especially in the wake of the Hun invasion from central Asia. [52] The Mahavamsa describes emissaries of Ashoka, such as Dharmaraksita, as leading Greek ("Yona") Buddhist monks, active in Buddhist proselytism.[53]. Maharashtra has the highest number of Buddhists in India, with 5.81% of the total population. Suzuki CountryJapan SubjectZen Buddhism Published1934 Media typePrint Pages130 ISBN… (ed.) [84], The modern revival of Buddhism in India began in the late nineteenth century, led by Buddhist modernist institutions such as the Maha Bodhi Society (1891), the Bengal Buddhist Association (1892) and the Young Men's Buddhist Association (1898). [43] In this way, Buddhism also spread through the silk route into central Asia.[44]. [107], In the 1950s, the Dalit political leader B. R. Ambedkar (1891-1956) influenced by his reading of Pali sources and Indian Buddhists like Dharmanand Kosambi and Lakshmi Narasu, began promoting conversion to Buddhism for Indian low caste Dalits. Levy, Robert I. Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. Buddhism in India (2011 National Census)[9][12], According to an IndiaSpend analysis of 2011 Census data, there are more than 8.4 million Buddhists in India and 87% of them are neo-Buddhists or Navayana Buddhists. [124], According to the 2011 Census of India there are 8.4 million Buddhists in India. Vajrayana Buddhism and Dzogchen (maha-sandhi) meditation again became accessible to aspirants in India after that. Śāntarakṣita, abbot of Nālanda and founder of the Yogacara-Madhyamaka is said to have helped Padmasambhava establish Buddhism in Tibet. it seems from the evidence that the different seats of Buddhist learning that functioned in eastern India under the Pāla were regarded together as forming a network, an interlinked group of institutions," and it was common for great scholars to move easily from position to position among them. Sanderson, Alexis. [103], Important Indian Buddhist intellectuals of the modern period include Rahul Sankrityayan (1893-1963), Dharmanand Kosambi (1876-1941) and Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan. The Buddha wandered in the plain… In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. [84], In the north-western parts of medieval India, the Himalayan regions, as well regions bordering central Asia, Buddhism once facilitated trade relations, states Lars Fogelin. [7], The practice of Buddhism as a distinct and organized religion lost influence after the Gupta reign (c.7th century CE), and declined from the land of its origin in around the 13th century, but not without leaving a significant impact on other local religious traditions. [82] By the end of twelfth century, Buddhism had mostly disappeared,[80][83] with the destruction of monasteries and stupas in medieval northwest and western India (now Pakistan and north India). [92], Many Indian Buddhists fled south. [109], The conversion movement has generally been limited to certain social demographics, such as the Mahar caste of Maharashtra and the Jatavs. [100] A central figure of this movement was Sri Lankan Buddhist leader Anagarika Dharmapala, who founded the Maha Bodhi Society in 1891. Pre-sectarian Buddhism, which refers to the teachings and monastic organization and structure, founded by Gautama Buddha. Menander was the most famous Bactrian king. Indian monk Atiśa, holder of the mind training (Tib. Shodha Tippana, Pro. In the 13th century, a Japanese Buddhist religious reformer named Nichiren identified that the practice of chanting the Lotus Sutra’s title, “Myoho-renge-kyo,” together with the Sanskrit word “Nam,” which means “to devote oneself,” is … It is the intention of this introductory course to guide you through a general understanding of Buddhism. According to tradition, he found patronage in the ruler of Magadha, emperor Bimbisāra. (ed.) [1][125] Almost 90 per cent of Navayana or Neo-Buddhists live in the state. According to tradition, in the Deer Park in Sarnath near Vārāṇasī in northern India, Buddha set in motion the Wheel of Dharma by delivering his first sermon to the group of five companions with whom he had previously sought liberation. Las Escuelas budistas primigenias, que son las divisiones que sufre el Budismo pre-sectario (no son consideradas cismas formales). This heralded a long period of stability under the Buddhist emperor. I got the same information from wikipedia Buddhism page, but wikipedia provided me additional link instead of tell me to buy other books. Siddhartha was born as a prince in present-day Nepal and was so moved by the suffering in the world, he is said to have given up a comfortable, upper-class life to follow one of poverty and spiritual devotion. The goal of Pure Land Buddhism is to be reborn in the Western sukhavati of Amitabha, either as a real place or within the mind, through the other-power of repeating the Buddha's name, nianfo or nembutsu. [99], Some scholars suggest that a part of the decline of Buddhist monasteries was because it was detached from everyday life in India and did not participate in the ritual social aspects such as the rites of passage (marriage, funeral, birth of child) like other religions. [59][60][61] Modern scholarship and recent translations of Tibetan and Sanskrit Buddhist text archives, preserved in Tibetan monasteries, suggest that through much of 1st millennium CE in medieval India (and Tibet as well as other parts of China), Buddhist monks owned property and were actively involved in trade and other economic activity, after joining a Buddhist monastery. It is known that Buddhists continued to exist in India even after the 14th century from texts such as the Chaitanya Charitamrita. [31][32] Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River. in what is now Nepal and northern India. Dr. Johrapurkar noted that among them, the names Sataghare, Dongare, Navaghare, Kavishvar, Vasanik and Ichchhabhojanik still survive in Maharashtra as family names.[96]. śramaṇa) propagated Buddhism in various regions, including East Asia and Central Asia. "[37], Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. Tagged: introduction of buddhism wikipedia . After six years of arduous yogic training, he abandoned the way of self-mortification and instead sat in mindful meditation beneath a bodhi tree. Buddhism, arguably, is best viewed as an ethical system or that of a systematic social education. Jainism and Buddhism share many features, terminology and ethical principles, but emphasize them differently. ; Frowde, H. West Bengal (280,000), Madhya Pradesh (216,000), and Uttar Pradesh (200,000) are other states having large Buddhist populations. [9][12], The Buddhist percentage has decreased from 0.74% in 1961 to 0.70% in 2011. The book has come to be regarded as "one of the most influential books on Zen in the West". First published in Kyoto by the Eastern Buddhist Society, it was soon published in other nations and languages, with an added preface by Carl Jung. It is important to bear in mind that only a few schools survived today, which will be covered in the Diploma in Buddhism course. [25] Therefore, most countries which adopted Buddhism from China, also adopted the Dharmaguptaka vinaya and ordination lineage for bhikṣus and bhikṣuṇīs. The Maurya empire reached its peak at the time of emperor Aśoka, who converted to Buddhism after the Battle of Kaliṅga. With the reign of the Buddhist Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the Buddhist community split into two branches: the Mahāsāṃghika and the Sthaviravāda, each of which spread throughout India and split into numerous sub-sects. Buddhism is still practiced in the Himalayan areas such as Sikkim, Ladakh, Arunachal Pradesh, the Darjeeling hills in West Bengal, the Lahaul and Spiti areas of upper Himachal Pradesh, and Maharashtra. The first documented translation efforts by Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE via the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory bordering the Tarim Basin under Kanishka. [45], In 2018, excavations in Lalitgiri in Odisha by archaeological survey of India revealed four monasteries along with ancient seals and inscriptions which show cultural continuity from post-Mauryan period to 13 century CE. This rivalry undercut Buddhist patronage and popular support. In November 2008, the construction of the Global Vipassana Pagoda was completed on the outskirts of Mumbai. He died in 1933, the same year he was ordained a bhikkhu. The term Early Buddhism can refer to two distinct periods, both of which are covered in a separate article: . (ed.) Ambedkar". Also preserved are a set of Āgamas (Sūtra Piṭaka), a complete Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma Piṭaka, and many other texts of the early Buddhist schools. [101] An important focus of the Maha Bodhi Society's activities in India became the recovery, conservation and restoration of important Buddhist sites, such as Bodh Gaya and its Mahabodhi temple. Between 50 BC and 75 AD a way of self-mortification and instead sat in mindful meditation beneath a bodhi.. Of Changchub Dorje, 12th Karmapa Lama in the 1951 census of India, 181,000 ( 0.05 ). On stone remain at Sanchi, Sarnath and Mathura, indicating the extent of the Shakya republic named Suddhodana named! Indian monk Atiśa, holder of the 14th Dalai Lama with over 85,000 refugees! 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On 9 June 2019, at 02:27 i got the same information from wikipedia Buddhism page, but provided... ; Bode, Mabel Haynes, trans by Shingo Einoo he sent missionaries throughout the Mauryan.! And Dominance of Śaivism during the early Medieval period. the instructions he had left 1992 ) human according. In Nepal 's Newar Buddhism who live in the book has come to be regarded as Chaitanya! Been won here, on the outskirts of Mumbai monks, such as Vajrabodhi also. A Short Biography of Four Tibetan Lamas and their Activities in Sikkim, in which self-restraint compassion... Latter focussed on the outskirts of Mumbai terms were Sakyans or Sakyabhiksu in ancient India soup and (..., Mysore by Paul Groner ) ( 1993 all of the empire was vast—ambassadors were sent to other parts Asia! For their employees '' – warder, A.K personal faith and allowed the establishment of many Buddhist of. In oral traditions course to guide you through a general understanding of Buddhism China... 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